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Air pollution and migration: exploiting a natural experiment from the Czech Republic
Mikula, Š.; Pytliková, Mariola
2021 - anglický
This paper examines the causal effects of air pollution on migration by exploiting a natural experiment in which desulfurization technologies were rapidly implemented in coal-burning power plants in the Czech Republic in the 1990s. These technologies substantially decreased air pollution levels without per se affecting economic activity. The results based on a difference-in-differences estimator imply that improvements in air quality reduced emigration from previously heavily polluted municipalities by 24%. We find that the effect of air pollution on emigration tended to be larger in municipalities with weaker social capital and fewer man-made amenities. Thus, our results imply that strengthening social capital and investing in better facilities and public services could partially mitigate depopulation responses to air pollution. Finally, we look at heterogeneous migratory responses to air pollution by education and age and find some evidence that the more educated tend to be more sensitive to air pollution in their settlement behavior.
Klíčová slova:
air pollution; migration; natural experiment
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Air pollution and migration: exploiting a natural experiment from the Czech Republic
This paper examines the causal effects of air pollution on migration by exploiting a natural experiment in which desulfurization technologies were rapidly implemented in coal-burning power plants in ...
Jaké změny v rodinné politice slibují volební programy politických stran? Shrnutí a rozbory
Ostrý, Michal; Pertold, Filip
2021 - český
V práci stručně shrnujeme návrhy jednotlivých politických subjektů (dále stran) v jednotlivých oblastech ekonomicky založené rodinné politiky. Shrnutí doplňujeme odbornými komentáři, které mají oporu v řadě výzkumných studií včetně studií IDEA při CERGE-EI. In this work we briefly summarize the proposals of individual political entities (hereinafter parties) in individual areas economically based family policies. We supplement the summary with expert comments, which are supported by a number of research studies, including IDEA studies at CERGE-EI.
Klíčová slova:
family policy; election programs; Czech Republic
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Jaké změny v rodinné politice slibují volební programy politických stran? Shrnutí a rozbory
V práci stručně shrnujeme návrhy jednotlivých politických subjektů (dále stran) v jednotlivých oblastech ekonomicky založené rodinné politiky. Shrnutí doplňujeme odbornými komentáři, které mají oporu ...
Sick pay and absence from work: evidence from flu exposure
Grossmann, Jakub
2021 - anglický
The system of sick-pay is critical for balancing the economic and health costs of infectious diseases. Surprisingly, most research on sick-pay reforms does not rely on variation in worker exposure to diseases when investigating absences from work. This paper studies the effects on absences from work of changes in health-insurance coverage of the first three days of sickness. We explore geographic variation in the prevalence of infectious diseases, primarily the seasonal flu, to provide variation in the need for sickness insurance. Estimates based on the Czech Structure of Earnings Survey imply that when sickness insurance is not available, total hours of work missed are not affected, but employees rely on paid and unpaid leave instead of sick-leave to stay home. The substitution effects are heterogenous across occupations and socio-demographic characteristics of employees, and suggest that workers do not spread infectious diseases at the workplace as a result of the absence of sickness insurance coverage in the first three days of sickness.
Klíčová slova:
sickness insurance; exposure to sickness; policy reform
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Sick pay and absence from work: evidence from flu exposure
The system of sick-pay is critical for balancing the economic and health costs of infectious diseases. Surprisingly, most research on sick-pay reforms does not rely on variation in worker exposure to ...
Shrinkage for Gaussian and t copulas in ultra-high dimensions
Anatolyev, Stanislav; Pyrlik, Vladimir
2021 - anglický
Copulas are a convenient framework to synthesize joint distributions, particularly in higher dimensions. Currently, copula-based high dimensional settings are used for as many as a few hundred variables and require large data samples for estimation to be precise. In this paper, we employ shrinkage techniques for large covariance matrices in the problem of estimation of Gaussian and t copulas whose dimensionality goes well beyond that typical in the literature. Specifically, we use the covariance matrix shrinkage of Ledoit and Wolf to estimate large matrix parameters of Gaussian and t copulas for up to thousands of variables, using up to 20 times lower sample sizes. The simulation study shows that the shrinkage estimation significantly outperforms traditional estimators, both in low and especially high dimensions. We also apply this approach to the problem of allocation of large portfolios.
Klíčová slova:
Gaussian copula; t copula; high dimensionality
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Shrinkage for Gaussian and t copulas in ultra-high dimensions
Copulas are a convenient framework to synthesize joint distributions, particularly in higher dimensions. Currently, copula-based high dimensional settings are used for as many as a few hundred ...
Sentencing decisions around quantity thresholds: theory and experiment
Drápal, Jakub; Šoltés, Michal
2021 - anglický
We study the implications of the structure of criminal codes on sentencing decisions. To limit sentencing disparities, criminal codes typically divide offenses into subsections with specific sentencing ranges. The classification into corresponding subsections often depends on exceeding a given quantity threshold, such as drug amount. We study the consequences of these quantity thresholds on sentencing decisions and argue that the threshold effect can be decomposed into two opposing mechanisms: the severity mechanism and the reference one. An experiment with Czech prosecutors shows that thresholds drive substantial increases in sentences, leading to sentencing disparities. We further introduce empirical measures of (in)justice and quantify the consequences of quantity thresholds on the probability of imposing a just sentence.
Klíčová slova:
sentencing; quantity threshold; sentencing disparities
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Sentencing decisions around quantity thresholds: theory and experiment
We study the implications of the structure of criminal codes on sentencing decisions. To limit sentencing disparities, criminal codes typically divide offenses into subsections with specific ...
Checkmate! Losing with borders, winning with centers. The case of European integration
Kapanadze, Ketevani
2021 - anglický
This paper studies two major stages of European integration, the expansion of the European Union (EU) in 2004 and the Schengen Area in 2008, and their impacts on economic performance in subregions of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. Using European regional data at the NUTS3 level and disaggregated synthetic control method, I construct counterfactuals for sub-regions of CEE countries. This approach allows me to assess regional treatment effects (RTEs) and to study the heterogeneous effects of European integration. I find that the benefits of EU and Schengen memberships to annual GDP per capita are approximately 10% less in border regions, relative to interior areas. The results expose regional economic disparities, as border regions lose relative to interior regions since European integration. Furthermore, integration facilitators in border regions such as fewer geographical barriers, more service employment, and positive attitudes toward the EU did not reduce economic disparities. The results show that the gap persists, regardless of some complementarities. Thus, the main implication of this paper is that sub-regions of CEE countries are far from being fully converged, and that European integration instead seems to have spurred sub-regional divergence.
Klíčová slova:
CEE countries; European integration; RTEs
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Checkmate! Losing with borders, winning with centers. The case of European integration
This paper studies two major stages of European integration, the expansion of the European Union (EU) in 2004 and the Schengen Area in 2008, and their impacts on economic performance in subregions of ...
Wages, minimum wages, and price pass-through: the case of McDonald's restaurants
Ashenfelter, O.; Jurajda, Štěpán
2021 - anglický
We use highly consistent national-coverage price and wage data to provide evidence on wage increases, labor-saving technology introduction, and price pass-through by a large low-wage employer facing minimum wage hikes. Based on 2016-2020 hourly wage rates of McDonald’s Basic Crew and prices of the Big Mac sandwich collected simultaneously from almost all US McDonald’s restaurants, we find that in about 25% of instances of minimum wage increases, restaurants display a tendency to keep constant their wage ‘premium’ above the increasing minimum wage. Higher minimum wages are not associated with faster adoption of touch-screen ordering, and there is near-full price pass-through of minimum wages, with little heterogeneity related to how binding minimum wage increases are for restaurants. Minimum wage hikes lead to increases in real wages (expressed in Big Macs an hour of Basic Crew work can buy) that are one fifth lower than the corresponding increases in nominal wages.
Klíčová slova:
minimum wages; wage increases; McDonald’s
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Wages, minimum wages, and price pass-through: the case of McDonald's restaurants
We use highly consistent national-coverage price and wage data to provide evidence on wage increases, labor-saving technology introduction, and price pass-through by a large low-wage employer facing ...
Výluka prezenční výuky během pandemie covid-19: odhad neviditelných ekonomických ztrát
Jann, Ole; Münich, Daniel; Zapletalová, Lucie
2021 - český
Studie dopadů dávnějších školních výluk, školních absencí a již i několik zahraničních dopadových studií z období pandemie covid-19 ukazují, že výluka prezenční výuky způsobená pandemií bude mít i v Česku výrazné negativní dopady na vzdělávací výsledky žáků a zvýšení vzdělanostních nerovností. Snížená úroveň vzdělání se velmi pravděpodobně promítne i do budoucích výdělků současných žáků a studentů, a to po dlouhé dekády jejich produktivního života. Studies of the impact of school closures and school absences as well as impact studies already carried out abroad into the Covid-19 pandemic period all show, that the gap in in-person teaching caused by the pandemic will have a substantial negative impact on pupils' educational outcomes and will increase educational inequalities. The loss of learning will very likely lower the future earnings of current pupils and students for decades of their productive life.
Klíčová slova:
Covid-19 pandemic; school closures; future earnings
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Výluka prezenční výuky během pandemie covid-19: odhad neviditelných ekonomických ztrát
Studie dopadů dávnějších školních výluk, školních absencí a již i několik zahraničních dopadových studií z období pandemie covid-19 ukazují, že výluka prezenční výuky způsobená pandemií bude mít i v ...
Zásah nutný: dopady budoucího ekonomického vývoje a pandemických opatření na příjmy a výdaje systému veřejného zdravotního pojištění
Bryndová, Lucie; Šlegerová, L.
2021 - český
Příjmy systému veřejného zdravotního pojištění (v.z.p.) v České republice jsou provázány s ekonomickou situací, zejména se situací na trhu práce. Tato studie se zabývá dopadem epidemie covid-19 a s ní spojených restrikcí a podpůrných opatření na vývoj příjmů systému v.z.p. a jeho celkovou bilanci v příštích letech. Ukazuje se, že bez výrazného zásahu, posílení zdrojů financování nebo omezování výdajové strany, bude systém od roku 2021 směřovat k výrazným deficitům.\n In the Czech Republic, social health insurance (SHI) revenues are connected to the economic situation, particularly the state of the labour market. This study looks at the impacts of the Covid-19 epidemic and its associated restrictive and supportive measures on trends in SHI revenues and the system’s overall financial situation in coming years. We find that without major interventions, being it either strengthening its funding sources or limiting its expenditures, the Czech health care system will move towards substantial deficits from 2021 onwards.
Klíčová slova:
social health insurance; Czech Republic; Covid-19
Plné texty jsou dostupné v digitálním repozitáři Akademie Věd.
Zásah nutný: dopady budoucího ekonomického vývoje a pandemických opatření na příjmy a výdaje systému veřejného zdravotního pojištění
Příjmy systému veřejného zdravotního pojištění (v.z.p.) v České republice jsou provázány s ekonomickou situací, zejména se situací na trhu práce. Tato studie se zabývá dopadem epidemie covid-19 a s ní ...
Firm relocations, commuting and relationship stability
Hrehová, Kristína; Sandow, E.; Lindgren, U.
2021 - anglický
In this paper, we study the impact of firm relocations on commuting distance and the probability of married couples and cohabiting couples with children separating. We use Swedish register data for 2010-2016 and select employees of relocating firms with one workplace and more than 10 employees. Focusing on this sample allows us to use plausibly exogenous variation in the commuting distance arising from the relocation. We extend the literature on the effect of commuting on relationship stability by reducing the possibility for unobserved time-variant factors to bias our estimates. While previous literature has focused on the difference between short- and long-distance commuting, we focus on changes in the commuting distance that are externally induced by firm management. We find a small but statistically significant negative effect of increased firm relocation distance on family stability. A 10 km change in commuting distance leads to a 0.09 percentage point higher probability of separation if the commuter remains with the firm for the next 5 years.
Klíčová slova:
separation; marriage; commuting time
Dokument je dostupný na externích webových stránkách.
Firm relocations, commuting and relationship stability
In this paper, we study the impact of firm relocations on commuting distance and the probability of married couples and cohabiting couples with children separating. We use Swedish register data for ...
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