No (227)
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The importance of hydromorphological analysis in evaluating floodplain disturbances – an upper Stropnice River case study
Jakubínský, Jiří; Pelíšek, I.; Cudlín, Pavel
2015 - English
This contribution deals with a comparative analysis of the hydromorphological state of a river network and the ecological status of a neighbouring floodplain area. The issue has gained great importance especially in addressing the causes and effects of flood events, which are an increasingly frequent manifestation of global environmental change at the local level. The area of interest was the upper part of the Stropnice River basin in Southern Bohemia with an area of about 100 km2. The basin is characterized by wide variability of natural conditions and human activities. The main objective was to analyse how the river’s morphological status affects habitat type naturalness. We endeavoured to determine the extent to which hydromorphological modifications contributed to transforming riparian natural habitats into more human-influenced habitats. Based on the results, we can conclude that within the area of interest the direct link between rivers and their close surroundings was only minimal. A significant role in shaping this relationship was played by a large anthropogenic modification of the entire floodplain area as well as the actual riverbed, which often causes completely different results. In areas where the floodplain ecosystem displayed relatively favourable environmental values, the relevant channel reach was degraded significantly, and vice versa. These facts point to longterm effects from anthropogenic pressure, which are manifested in the mutually and not well coordinated management of the river network and land-use system within the watershed.
Keywords:
hydromorphological analysis; Stropnice River; floodplain disturbances
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
The importance of hydromorphological analysis in evaluating floodplain disturbances – an upper Stropnice River case study
This contribution deals with a comparative analysis of the hydromorphological state of a river network and the ecological status of a neighbouring floodplain area. The issue has gained great ...
Estimating values of urban ecosystem services in Kladno
Frélichová, Jana; Pártl, Adam; Harmáčková, Veronika Zuzana; Vačkář, David
2015 - English
The benefits provided by urban nature have a substantial capacity to enhance human well-being. We quantify these benefits in the city of Kladno through the concept of ecosystem services by combining a value transfer method with surveys on citizen satisfaction and ecosystem services recognition. The results provide biophysical values of carbon sequestration and run-off and reveal stronger perception of benefits and higher preferences among citizens of Kladno for recreational services. Therefore, recreation is more suitable as a flagship service to encourage public participation than are such expert indicators as tonnes of carbon sequestered and increased run-off.
Keywords:
Urban ecosystem services; Kladno; carbon sequestered
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Estimating values of urban ecosystem services in Kladno
The benefits provided by urban nature have a substantial capacity to enhance human well-being. We quantify these benefits in the city of Kladno through the concept of ecosystem services by combining ...
Interactive effects of elevated CO2 concentration, drought, and nitrogen nutrition on yield and grain quality of spring barley and winter wheat
Surá, Kateřina; Rajsnerová, Petra; Veselá, Barbora; Klem, Karel
2015 - English
The interactive effects of elevated CO2 concentration (EC; 700 μmol mol–1), drought stress, UV exclusion, and nitrogen nutrition were studied in open-top chambers located in the Bohemian–Moravian highlands (24 in total). Above-ground biomass at the time of harvest, grain yield, and grain quality parameters were studied in winter wheat (variety Bohemia) and spring barley (variety Bojos). The results showed that elevation of CO2 concentrations increased above-ground biomass and grain yield. Higher levels of nitrogen increased the stimulatory effect of EC on above-ground biomass and grain yield. In addition, UV exclusion stimulated the effect of EC. EC generally led to increased rates of photosynthesis and assimilate formation. Increased storage of starch in the grain led to an unbalanced proportion of proteins and a decrease in their relative content in grain. Similarly to grain yield and above-ground biomass, the decrease in protein content under EC was also more pronounced under UV exclusion. EC led also to reduction of other quality parameters, such as the Zeleny sedimentation test. This effect is more pronounced when nitrogen is not a limiting factor as well as under the effect of drought. The stronger effect under drought stress is probably due to increased water use efficiency.
Keywords:
CO2 concentration; nitrogen nutrition; grain quality; winter wheat
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Interactive effects of elevated CO2 concentration, drought, and nitrogen nutrition on yield and grain quality of spring barley and winter wheat
The interactive effects of elevated CO2 concentration (EC; 700 μmol mol–1), drought stress, UV exclusion, and nitrogen nutrition were studied in open-top chambers located in the Bohemian–Moravian ...
Drivers of soil moisture trends in the Czech Republic between 1961 and 2012
Trnka, Miroslav; Brázdil, Rudolf; Balek, J.; Semerádová, Daniela; Hlavinka, Petr; Možný, M.; Štěpánek, Petr; Dobrovolný, Petr; Zahradníček, Pavel; Dubrovský, Martin; Eitzinger, Josef; Fuchs, B.; Svoboda, M.; Hayes, M.; Žalud, Zdeněk
2015 - English
Soil moisture dynamics and their temporal trends in the Czech Republic are forced by various drivers. Our analysis of temporal trends indicates that shifts in drought severity between 1961 and 2012 and especially in the April, May, and June period, which displayed such results as a 50% increase in drought probability during 1961–1980 in comparison to 2001–2012. We found that increased global radiation and air temperature together with decreased relative humidity (all statistically significant at p < 0.05) led to increases in the reference evapotranspiration in all months of the growing season; this trend was particularly evident in April, May, and August, when more than 80% of the territory displayed an increased demand for soil water. These changes, in combination with the earlier end of snow cover and the earlier start of the growing season (up to 20 days in some regions), led to increased actual evapotranspiration at the start of the growing season that tended to deplete the soil moisture earlier, leaving the soil more exposed to the impacts of rainfall variability. These results support concerns related to the potentially increased severity of drought events in Central Europe. The reported trend patterns are of particular importance with respect to expected climate change, given the robustness and consistency of the trends shown and the fact that they can be aligned with the existing climate model projections. Introduction
Keywords:
soil moisture; Czech Republic; climate change
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Drivers of soil moisture trends in the Czech Republic between 1961 and 2012
Soil moisture dynamics and their temporal trends in the Czech Republic are forced by various drivers. Our analysis of temporal trends indicates that shifts in drought severity between 1961 and 2012 ...
Documentary evidence in the study of past hydrometeorological extremes in South Moravia
Chromá, Kateřina; Brázdil, Rudolf; Valášek, H.; Dolák, Lukáš; Řezníčková, Ladislava
2015 - English
Information about hydrological and meteorological extremes (HMEs) in the instrumental period can be extended back into pre-instrumental times using documentary evidence from a variety of data sources. Financial and economic records, particularly those related to taxation data, are among the most important such sources. For the region of South Moravia, they are held by the Moravian Land Archives in the provincial capital of Brno and in certain equivalent state district archives that contain collections of estate accounts and family archives. Exploration of these sources provides information about HMEs in terms of dates and places of occurrence, courses, and impacts. Data of this kind from South Moravia were interpreted and included in a dedicated database, bringing the number of records of past HMEs to 2,010. This contribution demonstrates the high potential of this type of data.
Keywords:
hydrometeorological extremes; pre-instrumental times; South Moravia
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Documentary evidence in the study of past hydrometeorological extremes in South Moravia
Information about hydrological and meteorological extremes (HMEs) in the instrumental period can be extended back into pre-instrumental times using documentary evidence from a variety of data ...
Selected drought impacts in South Moravia in the 18th and 20th centuries based on documentary evidence
Dolák, L.; Brázdil, Rudolf; Řezníčková, Ladislava; Valášek, H.
2015 - English
This contribution addresses the impacts of drought upon human society in South Moravia in the 18th–20th centuries, utilizing documentary evidence (parish and village chronicles, taxation and damage records, and correspondence). The consequences of drought are reviewed with respect to their impacts on agriculture (with special emphasis on crop production), water resources, and socio-economic conditions.
Keywords:
South Moravia; human society; water-resources
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Selected drought impacts in South Moravia in the 18th and 20th centuries based on documentary evidence
This contribution addresses the impacts of drought upon human society in South Moravia in the 18th–20th centuries, utilizing documentary evidence (parish and village chronicles, taxation and damage ...
Influence of variable weather on incident solar radiation and its spectral composition in the Ostrava region, Czech Republic
Opálková, M.; Robson, T. M.; Navrátil, M.; Špunda, Vladimír
2015 - English
Incident solar radiation is influenced by many factors, including distance from the equator, altitude, time of year, and season. Absorption of radiation and its scattering are connected with the properties of atmospheric compounds. Cloud cover and air pollution are connected with tropospheric properties. Using our data, the influence of weather changes on the dose of solar irradiance reaching the Earth’s surface and its spectral composition are described. Solar radiation components were measured continuously by a system of sensors situated in the Botanical Garden of the University of Ostrava, Czech Republic. Data for 2014 were chosen for analyses. Days were divided into categories of sunny days and cloudy days according to weather conditions and daily radiation patterns. Percent differences in received solar radiation between sunny and cloudy days were calculated for eight months (Jan, Feb, Mar, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, and Dec). Differences in received solar radiation between clean and polluted days were calculated for sunny and cloudy days in December 2014. Mean incident solar radiation during cloudy days was reduced by 61% from the value for sunny days (in summer months) and by 64% from the value for sunny days in winter months. The largest influence of clouds on received solar radiation was during September and the smallest was during June. There was a reduction in incident solar radiation caused by the atmospheric pollutant PM10 during winter months. This reduction amounted to 10% during sunny days and 21% during cloudy days for December 2014. Clouds significantly reduced incident solar radiation as did the air pollutant PM10, but there were probably other factors also contributing to the reduction in incident solar radiation.
Keywords:
weather; solar radiation; Ostrava region
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Influence of variable weather on incident solar radiation and its spectral composition in the Ostrava region, Czech Republic
Incident solar radiation is influenced by many factors, including distance from the equator, altitude, time of year, and season. Absorption of radiation and its scattering are connected with the ...
Are there any changes in the beginning of flowering of important allergens in the Czech Republic?
Bartošová, Lenka; Hájková, L.; Kožnarová, V.; Možný, M.; Trnka, Miroslav; Žalud, Z.
2015 - English
Phenological observations have a long tradition in the Czech Republic; the first phenological notes were taken in the 18th century. Within the entire phenological observation network of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, 45 plant species can be observed. These include perennial herbs, grass, and ground bushes growing wildly. Some observed species are among the group of so-called allergens, e.g. silver birch (Betula pendula Roth), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), and meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis L.). In this paper, we evaluated the phenological phase beginning of flowering for two of the aforementioned plants at the Mlýny, Chřibská research site (50°52’N, 14°29’E, 350 m a.s.l.). The aim was to assess which meteorological parameters influence phenological onsets as well as to analyze shifts in phenophase onset dates and temperature trends during 1959–2014. During this period, for B. pendula the average date of beginning of flowering was 28 April with a standard deviation of 10 days and for A. pratensis it was 20 May with a standard deviation of 8 days. The studied species are allergens and their timing and phenological shifting during the spring and their relationship with climate parameters may provide important information for forecasts as part of a pollen warning service.
Keywords:
phenological observations; Czech Republic; climate change
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Are there any changes in the beginning of flowering of important allergens in the Czech Republic?
Phenological observations have a long tradition in the Czech Republic; the first phenological notes were taken in the 18th century. Within the entire phenological observation network of the Czech ...
Leaf area index development and radiation use efficiency of a poplar short rotation coppice culture
Tripathi, Abishek; Fischer, Milan; Trnka, Miroslav; Orság, Matěj; Vanbeveren, S.; Marek, Michal V.
2015 - English
Leaf area index (LAI) is the most appropriate parameter for analyzing canopy structure and crop productivity. LAI and radiation use efficiency (RUE) were estimated to evaluate the productivity of a short rotation coppice culture of a poplar clone. RUE was calculated as the ratio between total aboveground woody biomass and available photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) accumulated during one growing season. Prior to coppicing, LAI reached a maximum value of 7.3 (in 2009), whereas the maximum LAI after coppicing was 6.8 (in 2012). The maximum RUE reached prior to coppicing was 0.25 g mol−1 (in 2009), while after coppicing it was 0.20 g mol−1 (in 2012), which did not represent a significant difference (p > 0.05).
Keywords:
leaf area index; radiation; short rotation
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Leaf area index development and radiation use efficiency of a poplar short rotation coppice culture
Leaf area index (LAI) is the most appropriate parameter for analyzing canopy structure and crop productivity. LAI and radiation use efficiency (RUE) were estimated to evaluate the productivity of a ...
Comparison of emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds from leaves of three tree species
Holišová, Petra; Večeřová, Kristýna; Pallozi, E.; Guidolotti, G.; Esposito, R.; Calfapietra, Carlo; Urban, Otmar
2015 - English
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) play many roles in plants’ ecophysiology and have the potential to affect atmospheric quality due to their chemical reactivity. Rates of BVOC emissions are highly variable depending on plant species and growing condition. Our study evaluated the amounts and spectra of BVOCs emitted from three tree species. We investigated BVOC emissions from the leaves of mature Norway spruce and sessile oak saplings grown in the field and from 1-year-old cuttings of hybrid poplar grown under laboratory conditions. Emitted BVOCs were sampled on desorption Tenax tubes in parallel with gas-exchange measurements. After subsequent thermal desorption of Tenax tubes, BVOC profiles were estimated by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The tree species showed substantial differences in BVOC emission rates per unit leaf area ranging between 2.33 and 25.67 nmol m–2 s–1. Spruce trees had the lowest BVOC emissions and oak had slightly higher BVOC emissions on average than did poplar. Isoprene composed more than 97% of total BVOC emissions from oak and poplar, while no isoprene emissions from spruce needles were detected. Spruce BVOC emissions were mainly composed of such monoterpenes as α-pinene, β-pinene, and limonene.
Keywords:
emissions; chemical reactivity; plants; BVOC; Norway spruce
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Comparison of emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds from leaves of three tree species
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) play many roles in plants’ ecophysiology and have the potential to affect atmospheric quality due to their chemical reactivity. Rates of BVOC emissions are ...
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