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Access to financial resources and environmental migration of the poor
Rakhmetova, Aizhamal; Hoffmann, R.; Pytliková, Mariola
2022 - English
Despite an increasing number of studies, there is no scientific consensus on the extent and conditions under which environmental factors influence migration. In particular, little is known about the role played by financial resources that may facilitate or hinder migration under environmental stress. Empirical evidence shows that some households migrate in response to environmental hazards while others remain in place, potentially being trapped due to lack of resources, i.e. poverty constraints. However, little is known about how access to financial resources influences the decision of a household to stay or migrate. On one hand, financial resources can help to alleviate poverty constraints and to cover migration costs, thereby increasing migration (climate-driver mechanism), on the other hand, financial resources can also improve the adaptation capacities of households at the place they reside, and thus reduce migration responses to environmental changes (climate-inhibitor mechanism). To shed light on households’ migration decisions in response to climate shocks depending on their access to financial resources, we utilize rich micro-data from Indonesia and exploit two sources of variation in climate and cash transfers. Our results suggest that better access to financial resources facilitates the climate-inhibitor mechanism for short-term rainfall shocks and natural disasters. At the same time, better accessibility to financial resources enhances the climate-driver mechanism for accumulated rainfall shocks and temperature anomalies.
Keywords:
climate change; migration; financial resources
Fulltext is available at external website.
Access to financial resources and environmental migration of the poor
Despite an increasing number of studies, there is no scientific consensus on the extent and conditions under which environmental factors influence migration. In particular, little is known about the ...
Nemocenské pojištění: co způsobilo zavedení karenční doby?
Grossmann, Jakub; Zapletalová, Lucie
2022 - Czech
V této studii analyzujeme dopady zavedení karenční doby v roce 2008 v České republice (ČR) na zaměstnanost, výskyt nemocenské a dalších typů absencí v práci. Karenční doba zavedla nevyplácení dávek nemocenského pojištění zaměstnancům v prvních třech dnech pracovní neschopnosti. Cílem zavedení karenční doby bylo snížit motivace k neodůvodněnému čerpání dávek nemocenského pojištění a snížit výdaje na nemocenské dávky. Opatření zároveň zvyšuje motivace k nehlášení pracovní neschopnosti v důsledku nemoci, a potenciálně tedy zvyšuje riziko většího šíření nemocí na pracovišti. We analyze the impacts of a waiting period for sick pay introduced in 2008 in the Czech Republic on employment absence, sick leave, and other types of absences from the workplace. The new waiting period meant that employees did not receive any sickness benefits (‘sick pay’) for the first three days of sick leave. The waiting period was introduced to discourage employees from claiming sick pay unnecessarily and thereby to reduce sickness benefit expenditures. However, the measure also discourages employees from taking sick leave when they are unwell and may potentially increase the risk of contagion in the workplace.
Keywords:
sick leave; policy reform; Czech Republic
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Nemocenské pojištění: co způsobilo zavedení karenční doby?
V této studii analyzujeme dopady zavedení karenční doby v roce 2008 v České republice (ČR) na zaměstnanost, výskyt nemocenské a dalších typů absencí v práci. Karenční doba zavedla nevyplácení dávek ...
Nárůst o 395 miliard Kč oproti roku 2019: kam směřoval první návrh výdajů státního rozpočtu na rok 2022
Kolář, D.; Janský, Petr
2022 - Czech
Návrh státního rozpočtu (SR) pro rok 2022 předložený koncem léta ’21 odcházející vládou Andreje Babiše počítal s výdaji ve výši 1 928 miliard Kč. To je o 394,5 mld. Kč a 25,7 % více, než byly skutečné výdaje SR v roce 2019. Tak výrazný nárůst výdajů nedoprovázený adekvátním nárůstem příjmů by výrazně zvýšil strukturální deficit SR. Nová vláda Petra Fialy se proto rozhodla původní návrh rozpočtu přepracovat za cenu rozpočtového provizoria. V této studii identifikujeme ty výdajové položky původního návrhu SR, u kterých oproti skutečnosti roku 2019 došlo k nejvýznamnějším změnám. V rámci toho ukazujeme, do jaké míry nominální růsty položek SR zohledňují inflaci, která byla v daném období očekávána ve výši 10,2 %. Porovnání se skutečnými výdaji roku 2019 nám umožňuje odstínit přímé výdajové důsledky pandemie. Programy pomoci domácnostem a zaměstnavatelům v době pandemie totiž měly být podle původního návrhu SR v roce 2022 již výrazně výdajově utlumeny. The draft state budget (SB) for 2022 submitted at the end of summer 2021 by the outgoing government of Andrej Babiš planned for expenditures of 1,928 billion CZK. That would be 394.5 billion CZK, and 25.7% more than the actual expenditure of the SB in 2019. Such a significant increase in expenditure, unaccompanied by an adequate increase in revenues, would significantly increase the structural deficit of the SB. The new government of Petr Fiala has therefore decided to revise the original draft budget in a new provisional budget. In this study, we identify the expenditure items in the original draft of the SB that have changed most significantly from the situation in 2019. We also show to what extent the nominal growth in the SB items takes inflation into account, which was expected to be 10.2% in this period. Comparison with the actual expenditure of 2019 allows us to shield the direct expenditure consequences of the pandemic. In fact, according to the initial proposal of the SR, the assistance programmes for households and employers during the pandemic were already expected to be reduced significantly in 2022.
Keywords:
state budget; expenditures; Czech Republic
Fulltext is available at external website.
Nárůst o 395 miliard Kč oproti roku 2019: kam směřoval první návrh výdajů státního rozpočtu na rok 2022
Návrh státního rozpočtu (SR) pro rok 2022 předložený koncem léta ’21 odcházející vládou Andreje Babiše počítal s výdaji ve výši 1 928 miliard Kč. To je o 394,5 mld. Kč a 25,7 % více, než byly skutečné ...
Location choice and dispersal policies: Ukrainian war immigrants in the Czech Republic
Adunts, Davit; Kurylo, Bohdana; Špeciánová, J.
2022 - English
The large influx of Ukrainian immigrant refugees to the Czech Republic fleeing from the war has attracted the attention of many policymakers due to their unequal geographical distribution. The high concentration of refugees in some districts has the potential to burden the school and healthcare systems, as well as the housing market. This project aims to provide an explanation for the unequal distribution of refugees by studying the determinants of refugee location choices in the Czech Republic, including ethnic networks and employment prospects. We provided evidence of a positive association between the number of Ukrainian refugees and (i) the stock of previous Ukrainian immigrants (our measure of ethnic networks) and (ii) the number of available job positions. In addition, we conducted a review of previous studies on the effectiveness of dispersal policies and determined that such policies exert ambiguous effects on refugee labor market integration. Hence, dispersal policies need to consider the integration of refugees and their intentions to remain in the country.
Keywords:
Ukrainian refugees; Czech Republic; geographical distribution
Fulltext is available at external website.
Location choice and dispersal policies: Ukrainian war immigrants in the Czech Republic
The large influx of Ukrainian immigrant refugees to the Czech Republic fleeing from the war has attracted the attention of many policymakers due to their unequal geographical distribution. The high ...
Organization of knowledge and taxation
Kapička, Marek; Slavík, Ctirad
2021 - English
This paper studies how labor income taxation interacts with the organization of knowledge and production, and ultimately the distribution of wages in the economy. A more progressive tax system reduces the time that managers allocate to work. This makes the organization of production less efficient and reduces wages at both tails of the distribution, which increases lower tail wage inequality and decreases upper tail wage inequality. The optimal tax system is substantially less progressive than the current one in the United States. However, if wages were exogenous, the optimal tax progressivity would be much higher.
Keywords:
inequality; knowledge based hierarchies; income taxation
Fulltext is available at external website.
Organization of knowledge and taxation
This paper studies how labor income taxation interacts with the organization of knowledge and production, and ultimately the distribution of wages in the economy. A more progressive tax system reduces ...
Form of preference misalignment linked to state-pooling structure in Bayesian persuasion
Rehák, Rastislav; Senkov, Maxim
2021 - English
We study a Bayesian persuasion model in which the state space is finite, the sender and the receiver have state-dependent quadratic loss functions, and their disagreement regarding the preferred action is of arbitrary form. This framework enables us to focus on the understudied sender’s trade-off between the informativeness of the signal and the concealment of the state-dependent disagreement about the preferred action. In particular, we study which states are pooled together in the supports of posteriors of the optimal signal. We provide an illustrative graph procedure that takes the form of preference misalignment and outputs potential representations of the state-pooling structure. Our model provides insights into situations in which the sender and the receiver care about two different but connected issues, for example, the interaction of a political advisor who cares about the state of the economy with a politician who cares about the political situation.
Keywords:
Bayesian persuasion; strategic state pooling; preference misalignment
Fulltext is available at external website.
Form of preference misalignment linked to state-pooling structure in Bayesian persuasion
We study a Bayesian persuasion model in which the state space is finite, the sender and the receiver have state-dependent quadratic loss functions, and their disagreement regarding the preferred ...
Finanční podpora vysokoškolských studentů v České republice: rekonstrukce systému nutná
Münich, Daniel; Kořínek, Otakar
2021 - Czech
Problematice finanční podpory studentů vysokých škol nebyla poslední dekádu v České republice (ČR) věnována potřebná pozornost. Nejen širší veřejností, ale ani tou akademickou, a rozhodně ne tou politickou. Malému zájmu o problematiku odpovídají i kusé, či dokonce absentující informace, statistiky a analýzy o cílení a dopadech finanční podpory stávající. V zastaralém a finančně podfinancovaném systému tak docházelo jen k drobnějším úpravám. Mezinárodní srovnání ukazují, že objem veřejné finanční podpory studentů v ČR je velmi nízký. Velká část podpory je navíc poskytována plošně, takže podpora skutečně sociálněekonomicky potřebných studentů a zájemců o studium je velmi nízká. Průměrná měsíční podpora, přímá i nepřímá, se u studentů do 26 let pohybuje od zhruba 5 300 Kč pro ty z nejchudších poměrů do 2 700 Kč. Podpora u studentů ve věku 26 let a více je pouze zhruba 500 Kč měsíčně bez ohledu na jejich ekonomické zázemí. Podpora sociálně-ekonomicky slabých studentů je na velmi nízké úrovni. Na veřejně hrazená sociální stipendia má nárok velmi malý podíl studentů a samotná výše sociálních stipendií je velmi nízká. Demografická a sociální struktura příjemců těchto stipendií se nesleduje. Stejně tak se nesleduje míra, do jaké jsou mladí z chudších poměrů od studia odrazeni právě nízkou mírou podpory. Zvyšování sociálních stipendií a rozšiřování okruhu studentů s nárokem na ně není odvozováno od inflace a růstu životních nákladů studentů, ale od ad hoc zvyšování minimální mzdy a životních minim. Financial support for students in higher education in the Czech Republic has not received the attention it deserves over the past decade. Not only has the general public lost little sleep over this matter, but academics and politicians have largely ignored it, too. Information, statistics, and analysis of the targeting and impacts of current student financial support are at best piecemeal and at worst non-existent, which is symptomatic of the little public and policy interest in this matter. As a result, over the past few years there have been only a few minor tweaks made to the existing outdated and underfunded system. International comparisons show that the total amount of financial support for students in the Czech Republic is very low. A large share of that support is also provided across-the-board, meaning that support for the most socio-economically needy students and prospective students is very low. The average total monthly support provided both directly and indirectly to students under 26 years of age is between some 5,300 CZK [euro 200] for those from the poorest backgrounds and 2,700 CZK [euro 110] for others. Support for students aged 26 and above is only around 500 CZK [euro 20] per month, regardless of their economic background. In European comparison, the support for socio-economically weak students is extremely low. Only a very small proportion of students are eligible for publicly funded social scholarships, which provide only minimal financial support in any case. No data is currently collected on the demographic or social status of scholarship recipients. Similarly, there is no data measuring the extent to which children from poorer backgrounds are deterred from university study by the low level of available support. The amount of funding made available through social scholarships and the breadth of the pool of students eligible for them is not regularly increased in response to inflation or students' rising living costs, but is revised in connection with ad hoc raises made to the minimum wage and living wages.
Keywords:
financial support; higher education; Czech Republic
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Finanční podpora vysokoškolských studentů v České republice: rekonstrukce systému nutná
Problematice finanční podpory studentů vysokých škol nebyla poslední dekádu v České republice (ČR) věnována potřebná pozornost. Nejen širší veřejností, ale ani tou akademickou, a rozhodně ne tou ...
Czech kurzarbeit: evidence from the first pandemic wave
Jurajda, Štěpán; Doleželová, P.
2021 - English
We describe the firm-type structure of the use of the main Czech kurzarbeit program (called Antivirus B) during the spring 2020 pandemic wave. Evidence based on the Structure of Earnings Survey shows large participation gaps in favor of large employers, and disproportionately high intensity of use of the program by manufacturing companies, in particular those exhibiting a declining wage bill already prior to the pandemic. Compared to other industries, manufacturing is thus able to ‘cover’ by kurzarbeit support the largest share of the decline in hours worked between the 2nd quarters of 2019 and 2020, with the exception of the hospitality and culture industries, which were directly affected by pandemic measures, such as restaurant closures.
Keywords:
kurzarbeit; COVID-19; Czech Republic
Fulltext is available at external website.
Czech kurzarbeit: evidence from the first pandemic wave
We describe the firm-type structure of the use of the main Czech kurzarbeit program (called Antivirus B) during the spring 2020 pandemic wave. Evidence based on the Structure of Earnings Survey shows ...
LATE estimators under costly non-compliance in student-college matching markets
Drlje, M.; Jurajda, Štěpán
2021 - English
A growing literature exploits a feature of centralized college admission systems where students with similar admission scores in a neighborhood of a school’s admission threshold are or are not offered admission based on small quasi-random differences in admission scores. Assuming that the students at the margin of admission differ only in the treatment assignment, this literature relies on admission scores to instrument for admission or graduation. We point out that non-compliance with the centralized matching assignment typically corresponds to enrolling in one’s preferred program a year after the initial assignment, introducing significant non-compliance costs. We show that with costly non-compliance, the exclusion restriction, the key assumption of the LATE theorem, is violated, leading to biased estimates when instrumenting for graduation, i.e., for a treatment taking place after non-compliance costs are incurred. We use data from a student-college matching market in Croatia to illustrate the empirical importance of this potential source of bias and propose a method inspired by Lee (2009), which recovers the treatment effect bounds under the assumption that the costs of non-compliance are not related to the treatment assignment.
Keywords:
LATE theorem; exclusion restriction; college admission
Fulltext is available at external website.
LATE estimators under costly non-compliance in student-college matching markets
A growing literature exploits a feature of centralized college admission systems where students with similar admission scores in a neighborhood of a school’s admission threshold are or are not offered ...
Práce z domova: možnost, nebo nutnost?
Grossmann, Jakub; Korbel, Václav; Münich, Daniel
2021 - Czech
Studie mapuje rozsah využívání práce z domova v České republice během koronavirového roku 2020 napříč sociodemografickými skupinami. Ukazuje, jak s přechodem na práci z domova souvisí charakteristiky pracujících, jako jsou vzdělání, odvětví, pohlaví, péče o menší dítě v domácnosti. Analýza také odhaluje vnímané překážky a výhody práce z domova. The study describes the use of work from home across socio-demographic groups in the Czech Republic during the coronavirus year 2020. It shows how work-from-home arrangements relate to workers' characteristics, such as their education, industry, gender, and type of household. The analysis reveals the perceived barriers to and benefits of working from home.
Keywords:
working from home; Czech Republic; covid-19
Fulltext is available at external website.
Práce z domova: možnost, nebo nutnost?
Studie mapuje rozsah využívání práce z domova v České republice během koronavirového roku 2020 napříč sociodemografickými skupinami. Ukazuje, jak s přechodem na práci z domova souvisí charakteristiky ...
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