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Yes (452)
Number of found documents:
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Make your own luck: the wage gains from starting college in a bad economy
Bičáková, Alena; Cortes, G. M.; Mazza, J.
2021 - English
Using data for nearly 40 cohorts of American college graduates and exploiting regional variation in economic conditions, we show robust evidence of a positive relationship between the unemployment rate at the time of college enrollment and subsequent annual earnings, particularly for women. This positive relationship cannot be explained by selection into employment or by economic conditions at the time of graduation. Changes in major field of study account for only about 10% of the observed earnings gains. The results are consistent with intensified effort exerted by students who experience bad economic times at the beginning of their studies.
Keywords:
business cycle; higher education; cohort effects
Fulltext is available at external website.
Make your own luck: the wage gains from starting college in a bad economy
Using data for nearly 40 cohorts of American college graduates and exploiting regional variation in economic conditions, we show robust evidence of a positive relationship between the unemployment ...
The impact of the crisis-induced reduction in air pollution on infant mortality in India: a policy perspective
Kyrychenko, Olexiy
2021 - English
Credible estimates of the health effects associated with changes in air pollution exposure are of considerable importance for research and policy agendas, especially for developing countries. This paper estimates the impact of the sharp reduction in particulate air pollution driven by the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 on district-level infant mortality in India. Utilizing plausibly exogenous geographic variation in the crisis-induced changes in air quality and novel data from household surveys and satellite-based sources, I find that the infant mortality rate fell by 24% more in the most affected districts, implying 1338 fewer infant deaths than would have occurred in the absence of the crisis. Analysis of the mechanisms indicates that the PM2.5 reductions affected infant mortality mainly through respiratory diseases and two biological mechanisms: in utero and postbirth PM2.5 exposure. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that the estimated decline in infant mortality translates into a three-year after crisis total of 312.5 million U.S. dollars. The resulting health benefits could be used as a benchmark for assessing the effectiveness of the policies designed to improve air quality in India.
Keywords:
air pollution; infant mortality; crisis
Fulltext is available at external website.
The impact of the crisis-induced reduction in air pollution on infant mortality in India: a policy perspective
Credible estimates of the health effects associated with changes in air pollution exposure are of considerable importance for research and policy agendas, especially for developing countries. This ...
Career-breaks and maternal employment in CEE countries
Bičáková, Alena; Kalíšková, Klára
2021 - English
Post-birth career breaks and their impact on mothers’ labor market outcomes have received considerable attention in the literature. However, existing evidence comes mostly from Western Europe and the US, where career breaks tend to be short. In contrast, Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, where post-birth career interruptions by mothers are typically much longer, have rarely been studied. In the first part of this study, we place CEE countries into the EU context by providing key empirical facts related to the labor market outcomes of mothers and the most important factors that may affect them. Besides substantial differences between CEE countries and the rest of the EU, there is also large heterogeneity within CEE itself, which we explore next. In the second part, we review the main family leave and formal childcare policies and reforms that have occurred in CEE countries since the end of Communism and provide a comprehensive survey of the existing scientific evidence of their impact on maternal employment. While research on the causal impacts of these policies is scarce, several important studies have recently been published in high-impact journals. We are the first to provide an overview of these causal studies from CEE countries, which offer an insightful extension to the existing knowledge from Western Europe and the US.
Keywords:
CEE countries; labor market; motherhood
Fulltext is available at external website.
Career-breaks and maternal employment in CEE countries
Post-birth career breaks and their impact on mothers’ labor market outcomes have received considerable attention in the literature. However, existing evidence comes mostly from Western Europe and the ...
The outflow of high-ability students from regular schools and its long-term impact on those left behind
Federičová, Miroslava
2021 - English
Early tracking school systems, which stream student by ability, are considered a trigger of widening inequality in education. However, more homogenous class composition resulting from ability tracking seem to improve efficiency of teaching and learning. Literature on peer effects shows contradictory findings about these two counteracting effects. This paper contributes to the discussion of the efficacy of ability tracking by examining the effects of the outflow of high-ability students after primary education on the long-term educational outcomes and behaviour of their peers who remain in regular classes. Exploiting a 2009 school reform in Slovakia which postponed tracking by one year, we show that the outflow of high-performing peers results in a weak negative long-run effect on non-tracked student’s math scores and late arrivals at school, and more persistent negative effects on out-of-school study time.\n
Keywords:
early-tracking school system; peer effects; gender effects
Fulltext is available at external website.
The outflow of high-ability students from regular schools and its long-term impact on those left behind
Early tracking school systems, which stream student by ability, are considered a trigger of widening inequality in education. However, more homogenous class composition resulting from ability tracking ...
Asset prices and business cycles with liquidity shocks
Nezafat, M.; Slavík, Ctirad
2021 - English
We develop a production based asset pricing model with financially constrained firms to explain the observed high equity premium and low risk-free rate volatility. Investment opportunities are scarce and firms face productivity and liquidity shocks. A negative liquidity shock forces firms to liquidate a fraction of their assets. We calibrate the model to U.S. data and find that it generates an equity premium and a level and volatility of risk-free rate comparable to those observed in the data. The model also fits key aspects of the behavior of aggregate quantities, in particular, the volatility of aggregate consumption and investment.
Keywords:
general equilibrium; business cycles; production based asset pricing
Fulltext is available at external website.
Asset prices and business cycles with liquidity shocks
We develop a production based asset pricing model with financially constrained firms to explain the observed high equity premium and low risk-free rate volatility. Investment opportunities are scarce ...
Maminka, nebo školka? Dopady prodloužení čerpání rodičovského příspěvku na budoucí vzdělání a pracovní uplatnění dětí
Bičáková, Alena; Kalíšková, Klára; Zapletalová, Lucie
2021 - Czech
Ve studii kvantifikujeme dopady doby pobírání rodičovského příspěvku na dosažené vzdělání a budoucí uplatnění na trhu práce dotčených dětí ve věku 21–22 let. Zkoumaná reforma rodičovského příspěvku z roku 1995 v Česku prodloužila možnou dobu čerpání příspěvku ze 3 na 4 roky. Prodloužení pobírání příspěvku však nedoprovázelo prodloužení doby garance původního pracovního místa matky, nedovolovalo její výraznější zapojení na trhu práce, a znamenalo tedy další rok celodenní péče o dítě. In this study we quantify the impacts of the duration of paid parental leave on the education and future labor market outcomes of affected children when they reach 21-22 years of age. We examine the Czech Republic’s 1995 reform of paid parental leave, which extended the duration of parental allowance receipt from 3 to 4 years. This extension was not, however, accompanied by any extension of the job protection period that remained at 3 years. It also prevented the receiving parent to engage more substantially in the labour market, leading to one more year of full-time home child care.
Keywords:
parental leave; parental allowance duration; future labor market
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Maminka, nebo školka? Dopady prodloužení čerpání rodičovského příspěvku na budoucí vzdělání a pracovní uplatnění dětí
Ve studii kvantifikujeme dopady doby pobírání rodičovského příspěvku na dosažené vzdělání a budoucí uplatnění na trhu práce dotčených dětí ve věku 21–22 let. Zkoumaná reforma rodičovského příspěvku z ...
Standardní granty GA ČR a publikační výkonnost vědců: kontrafaktuální analýza projektů udělených v letech 2005–2014
Bajgar, Matěj
2021 - Czech
Grantová agentura České republiky (GA ČR) představuje největší zdroj projektového financování pro vědce působící v České republice (ČR). V posledních letech GA ČR na grantech rozděluje více než 4 miliardy korun ročně. Zhruba tři čtvrtiny těchto zdrojů připadají na tzv. Standardní granty. Tato studie jako první ekonometricky odhaduje dopad Standardních grantů GA ČR na publikační výkonnost podpořených výzkumníků. Porovnáváme členy řešitelských týmů těchto grantů (podpořená skupina) s výzkumníky, kteří se v daném období do těchto grantů nezapojili, ale jinak se podpořeným vědcům podobají (kontrolní skupina). Obě skupiny párujeme na základě hlavního oboru, minulých publikací a grantů, akademické hodnosti, pohlaví, typu výzkumné organizace a řady dalších charakteristik. Využíváme zejména data z Informačního systému o výzkumu, vývoji a inovacích. The Czech Science Foundation (GAČR) is the largest source of project financing for scientists based in the Czech Republic. In recent years, GAČR has distributed grants worth over 4 billion CZK a year. About three quarters of the total funds are allocated to Standard grants. This study is the first to econometrically estimate the impact of GAČR Standard Grants on the publication performance of the researchers the grant supports. We compare the members of Standard Grant research teams (the treatment group) to a control group of researchers who did not participate in a Standard Grant in a given period, but who otherwise resemble the supported researchers. We match the groups based on their primary fields, past publications and grants, academic titles, gender, the type of research institution they are affiliated with, and many other characteristics. Most data comes from the Information System for Research, Development, and Innovation.
Keywords:
publication performance; Czech Science Foundation; research funding
Available at various institutes of the ASCR
Standardní granty GA ČR a publikační výkonnost vědců: kontrafaktuální analýza projektů udělených v letech 2005–2014
Grantová agentura České republiky (GA ČR) představuje největší zdroj projektového financování pro vědce působící v České republice (ČR). V posledních letech GA ČR na grantech rozděluje více než 4 ...
Learning about ethnic discrimination from different information sources
Korlyakova, Darya
2021 - English
We experimentally study whether public beliefs about ethnic discrimination, an emotionally loaded issue, are shifted more by information from experts or from ordinary people. We also examine whether people are inclined to choose the most influential sources. For this purpose, we combine, in a novel design, the random provision of information from different sources with endogenous information acquisition from the same sources. We find that individuals update their beliefs most in response to information from experts, namely researchers studying ethnic minorities and human resource managers. Exogenous adjustments in beliefs do not induce changes in attitudes to ethnic minorities. Consistent with the strength of belief updating, more individuals choose information from experts over information from ordinary people. This result suggests that, in the aggregate, people behave rationally as they favor a source that is perceived to be relatively accurate. The findings have implications for information dissemination policies.
Keywords:
ethnic discrimination; beliefs; information sources
Fulltext is available at external website.
Learning about ethnic discrimination from different information sources
We experimentally study whether public beliefs about ethnic discrimination, an emotionally loaded issue, are shifted more by information from experts or from ordinary people. We also examine whether ...
Kdo v první vlně pandemie zachránil zaměstnance? Analýza čerpání podpory programu Antivirus B
Jurajda, Štěpán; Doleželová, P.; Zapletalová, Lucie
2021 - Czech
Studie srovnává strukturu využití programu Antivirus B českými firmami v druhé čtvrtině roku 2020, tedy v průběhu první „jarní vlny“ epidemie covid-19. Srovnání je provedeno se strukturou ekonomiky a strukturou poptávkových šoků aproximovaných poklesem odpracovaných hodin oproti druhému kvartálu roku 2019. Studie dává příklad, jak tento typ programů do budoucna průběžně monitorovat. Zjištění studie lze použít při rozhodování o podobě dlouhodobého nastavení nástroje typu kurzarbeit v českém právním řádu. This study examines the structure of Czech firms’ use of the Antivirus B programme in the second quarter of 2020, i.e. during the first “spring wave” of the Covid-19 epidemic. We compare application of the programme benefits with the structure of the economy and with the structure of demand shocks, approximated by the drop in hours worked against those worked in the second quarter of 2019. The study provides an example of how this type of programme could be continuously monitored in the future. The study’s findings can be useful when making long term decisions about how to set up tools such as kurzarbeit in Czech legislation.
Keywords:
kurzarbeit; Covid-19; Czech Republic
Fulltext is available at external website.
Kdo v první vlně pandemie zachránil zaměstnance? Analýza čerpání podpory programu Antivirus B
Studie srovnává strukturu využití programu Antivirus B českými firmami v druhé čtvrtině roku 2020, tedy v průběhu první „jarní vlny“ epidemie covid-19. Srovnání je provedeno se strukturou ekonomiky a ...
Sequential vote buying
Chen, Y.; Zápal, Jan
2021 - English
To enact a policy, a leader needs votes from committee members with heterogeneous opposition intensities. She sequentially offers transfers in exchange for votes. The transfers are either promises paid only if the policy passes or paid up front. With transfer promises, a vote costs nearly zero. With up-front payments, a vote can cost significantly more than zero, but the leader is better off with up-front payments. The leader does not necessarily buy the votes of those least opposed. The opposition structure most challenging to the leader involves either a homogeneous committee or a committee with two homogenous groups. Our results provide an explanation for several empirical regularities: lobbying of strongly opposed legislators, the Tullock Paradox and expansion of the whip system in the U.S. House concurrent with ideological homogenization of parties. We also discuss several extensions including private histories and simultaneous offers.
Keywords:
vote buying; legislative bargaining; coalition building
Fulltext is available at external website.
Sequential vote buying
To enact a policy, a leader needs votes from committee members with heterogeneous opposition intensities. She sequentially offers transfers in exchange for votes. The transfers are either promises ...
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